Forex Market Overview

• 
  
  Introduction
  
  
  The following facts and figures relate to the foreign exchange market. Much of the information is drawn from the 2007 Triennial Central Bank Survey of Foreign Exchange and Derivatives Market Activity conducted by the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) in April 2007. 54 central banks and monetary authorities participated in the survey, collecting information from approximately 1280 market participants.
  
  Excerpt from the BIS:
  
  "The 2007 survey shows an unprecedented rise in activity in traditional foreign exchange markets compared to 2004. Average daily turnover rose to $3.2 trillion in April 2007, an increase of 71% at current exchange rates and 65% at constant exchange rates...Against the background of low levels of financial market volatility and risk aversion, market participants point to a significant expansion in the activity of investor groups including hedge funds, which was partly facilitated by substantial growth in the use of prime brokerage, and retail investors...A marked increase in the levels of technical trading – most notably algorithmic trading – is also likely to have boosted turnover in the spot market...Transactions between reporting dealers and non-reporting financial institutions, such as hedge funds, mutual funds, pension funds and insurance companies, more than doubled between April 2004 and April 2007 and contributed more than half of the increase in aggregate turnover." - BIS
  
  Structure
  
  Decentralised 'interbank' market
  Main participants: Central Banks, commercial and investment banks, hedge funds, corporations & private speculators
  The free-floating currency system arose from the collapse of the Bretton Woods agreement in 1971
  

Online trading began in the mid to late 1990

Trading Hours
24 hour market
Sunday 5pm EST through Friday 4pm EST.
Trading begins in the Asia-Pacific region followed by the Middle East, Europe, and America

Size

One of the largest financial markets in the world
$3.2 trillion average daily turnover, equivalent to:

More than 10 times the average daily turnover of global equity markets1
More than 35 times the average daily turnover of the NYSE2
Nearly $500 a day for every man, woman, and child on earth3
An annual turnover more than 10 times world GDP4

The spot market accounts for just under one-third of daily turnover

1. About $280 billion - World Federation of Exchanges aggregate 2006
2. About $87 billion - World Federation of Exchanges 2006
3. Based on world population of 6.6 billion - US Census Bureau
4. About $48 trillion - World Bank 2006.




Major Markets
The US & UK markets account for just over 50% of turnover
Major markets: London, New York, Tokyo
Trading activity is heaviest when major markets overlap5
Nearly two-thirds of NY activity occurs in the morning hours while European markets are open6

5. The Foreign Exchange Market in the United States - NY Federal Reserve
6. The Foreign Exchange Market in the United States - NY Federal Reserve

Average Daily Turnover by Geographic Location




Concentration in the Banking Industry
12 banks account for 75% of turnover in the U.K.
10 banks account for 75% of turnover in the U.S.
3 banks account for 75% of turnover in Switzerland
9 banks account for 75% of turnover in Japan


Technical Analysis
Commonly used technical indicators:

Moving averages
RSI
Fibonacci retracements
Stochastics
MACD
Momentum
Bollinger bands
Pivot point
Elliott Wave

Currencies
The US dollar is involved in over 80% of all foreign exchange transactions, equivalent to over US$2.7 trillion per day

Currency Codes

USD = US Dollar
EUR = Euro
JPY = Japanese Yen
GBP = British Pound
CHF = Swiss Franc
CAD = Canadian Dollar (Sometimes referred to as the "Loonie")
AUD = Australian Dollar
NZD = New Zealand Dollar

Average Daily Turnover by Currency



N.B. Because two currencies are involved in each transaction, the sum of the percentage shares of individual currencies totals 200% instead of 100%.



Currency Pairs

Majors: EUR/USD (Euro-Dollar), USD/JPY, GBP/USD - (commonly referred to as the "Cable"), USD/CHF
Dollar bloc: USD/CAD, AUD/USD, NZD/USD - (commonly referred to as the "Kiwi")
Major crosses: EUR/JPY, EUR/GBP, EUR/CHF